Positive and negative feedbacks are useful for amplification and stabilization respectively. also stated that self-organization relies on four fundamental properties of positive feedback, negative feedback, fluctuations and multiple interactions.

Self-organization is defined as the capability of a system to evolve its agents or components in to a suitable form without any external help. Two fundamental concepts that are considered as necessary properties of SI are self-organization and division of labour. Examples of SI include the group foraging of social insects, cooperative transportation, nest-building of social insects, and collective sorting and clustering. SI is the collective intelligence behaviour of self-organized and decentralized systems, e.g., artificial groups of simple agents. Bonabeau defined SI as вЂњ The emergent collective intelligence of groups of simple agentsвЂќ. Swarm Intelligence (SI) has attracted interest from many researchers in various fields. For more information, please go to The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Д¬ompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The Regional Growth Fund (RGF) is a $3.2 billion fund supporting projects and programmes which are using private sector investment to generate economic growth as well as creating sustainable jobs between now and the mid-2020s.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedДata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.ДЇunding: This research paper was supported by the GAMMA Programme which is funded through the Regional Growth Fund. Received: SeptemAccepted: FebruPublished: May 18, 2015Д¬opyright: В© 2015 Ab Wahab et al. PLoS ONE 10(5):ДЄcademic Editor: Catalin Buiu, Politehnica University of Bucharest, ROMANIA Citation: Ab Wahab MN, Nefti-Meziani S, Atyabi A (2015) A Comprehensive Review of Swarm Optimization Algorithms.

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